● 電子郵件歷史 |電子郵件發(fā)展簡史(中文與英文版)
電子郵件發(fā)展歷史
電子郵件翻譯自英文的email或e-mail,它表示通過電子通訊系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行信件的書寫、發(fā)送和接收。今天使用的最多的通訊系統(tǒng)是互聯(lián)網(wǎng),同時電子郵件也是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上作受歡迎的功能之一。通過電子郵件系統(tǒng),您可以用非常低廉的價(jià)格(不管發(fā)送到哪里,都只需負(fù)擔(dān)電話費(fèi)和網(wǎng)費(fèi)即可),以非?焖俚姆绞剑◣酌腌娭畠(nèi)可以發(fā)送到世界上任何你指定的目的地),與世界上任何一個角落的網(wǎng)絡(luò)用戶聯(lián)絡(luò)系,這些電子郵件可以是文字、圖象、聲音等各種方式。同時,您可以得到大量免費(fèi)的新聞、專題郵件,并實(shí)現(xiàn)輕松的信息搜索。這是任何傳統(tǒng)的方式也無法相比的。正是由于電子郵件的使用簡易、投遞迅速、收費(fèi)低廉,易于保存、全球暢通無阻,使得電子郵件被廣泛地應(yīng)用,它使人們的交流方式得到了極大的改變。
什么是電子郵件呢?每一個申請互聯(lián)網(wǎng)帳號的用戶都會有一個電子郵件地址。它是一個很類似于用戶家門牌號碼的郵箱地址,或者更準(zhǔn)確地說,相當(dāng)于你在郵局租用了一個信箱。因?yàn)閭鹘y(tǒng)的信件是由郵遞員送到你的家門口,而電子郵件則需要自己去查看信箱,只是您不用跨出家門一步。電子郵件來源于專有電子郵件系統(tǒng)。早在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)流行以前很久,電子郵件就已經(jīng)存在了,是在主機(jī)-多終端的主從式體系中從一臺計(jì)算機(jī)終端向另一計(jì)算機(jī)終端傳送文本信息的相對簡單的方法而發(fā)展起來的。
經(jīng)歷了漫長的過程之后,它現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)演變成為一個更加復(fù)雜并豐富得多的系統(tǒng),可以傳送聲音、圖片、圖象、文檔等多媒體信息,以至于如數(shù)據(jù)庫或帳目報(bào)告等更加專業(yè)化的文件都可以電子郵件附件的形式在網(wǎng)上分發(fā)。現(xiàn)在,電子郵件已成為許多商家和組織機(jī)構(gòu)的生命血脈。用戶可以通過電子郵件的討論會進(jìn)行項(xiàng)目管理,并且有時要根據(jù)快速,或洲際的電子郵件信息交換進(jìn)行重要的決策行動。但毫無疑問的是,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)擴(kuò)展了其應(yīng)用的范圍。過去只能在其局域網(wǎng)上進(jìn)行交談的公司現(xiàn)在可以通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)與他們的客戶、競爭伙伴和世界上的任何人進(jìn)行通信和交流。一旦某個組織的電子郵件系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行在支持TCP/IP協(xié)議的網(wǎng)絡(luò)上或具有支持兩個互聯(lián)網(wǎng)郵件服務(wù)協(xié)議SMTP(簡單郵件傳輸協(xié)議)和POP(郵局協(xié)議)之一的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)關(guān),它的郵件用戶就能夠連接到任何具有相似連接的電子郵件地址上了,并且不論其電子郵件帳戶在何處。
電子郵件發(fā)展歷史
來源:網(wǎng)易
電子郵件的誕生
據(jù)電子郵件的發(fā)明人雷.湯姆林森(Ray Tomlinson)回憶道,電子郵件的誕生是在1971年秋季(確切的時間已經(jīng)無法考證),當(dāng)時已經(jīng)有一種可傳輸文件的電腦程序以及一種原始的信息程序。但兩個程序存在極大的使用局限——例如:使用信息程序的人只能給接收方發(fā)送公報(bào),接收方的電腦還必須與發(fā)送方一致。
發(fā)明電子郵件時,湯姆林森是馬薩諸塞州劍橋的博爾特.貝拉尼克.紐曼研究公司(BBN)公司的重要工程師,當(dāng)時,這家企業(yè)受聘于美國軍方,參與Arpanet網(wǎng)絡(luò)(互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的前身)的建設(shè)和維護(hù)工作。湯姆林森對已有的傳輸文件程序以及信息程序進(jìn)行研究,研制出一套新程序,它可通過電腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)送和接收信息,再也沒有了以前的種種限制。為了讓人們都擁有易識別的電子郵箱地址,湯姆林森決定采用@符號,符號前面加用戶名,后面加用戶郵箱所在的地址。電子郵件由此誕生。
電子郵件的30年發(fā)展歷程
雖然電子郵件是在70年代發(fā)明的,它卻是在80年才得以興起。70年代的沉寂主要是由于當(dāng)時使用Arpanet網(wǎng)絡(luò)的人太少,網(wǎng)絡(luò)的速度也僅為目前56Kbps標(biāo)準(zhǔn)速度的二十分之一。受網(wǎng)絡(luò)速度的限制,那時的用戶只能發(fā)送些簡短的信息,根本別想象現(xiàn)在那樣發(fā)送大量照片;到80年代中期,個人電腦興起,電子郵件開始在電腦迷以及大學(xué)生中廣泛傳播開來;到90年代中期,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)瀏覽器誕生,全球網(wǎng)民人數(shù)激增,電子郵件被廣為使用。
Eudora簡史
使電子郵件成為主流的第一個程序是Euroda,是由史蒂夫·道納爾在1988年編寫的。由于Euroda是第一個有圖形界面的電子郵件管理程序,它很快就成為各公司和大學(xué)校園內(nèi)的主要使用的電子郵件程序。
然而Euroda的地位并沒維持太長時間。隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的興起,Netscape和微軟相續(xù)推出了它們的瀏覽器和相關(guān)程序。微軟和它開發(fā)的Outlook使Euroda逐漸走向衰落。
在過去5年中,關(guān)于電子郵件發(fā)生的最大變化是基于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的電子郵件的興起。人們可以通過任何聯(lián)網(wǎng)的計(jì)算機(jī)在郵件網(wǎng)站上維護(hù)他們的郵件帳號,而不是只能在他們家中或公司的聯(lián)網(wǎng)電腦上使用郵件。這種郵件是由Hotmail推廣的。如今Hotmail已經(jīng)成為一大熱門網(wǎng)站,微軟在8月宣布,郵件服務(wù)的用戶已經(jīng)達(dá)到了1.1億。但微軟在1998年收購此網(wǎng)站的時候卻僅用了4億美元,這個價(jià)格后來令Hotmail的創(chuàng)建者沙比爾·布哈蒂爾后悔不迭。
Hotmail的成功使一大批競爭者得到了啟發(fā),很快電子郵件成0為門戶網(wǎng)站的必有服務(wù),如雅虎,netscape,Exicite和Lycos等,都有自己的電子郵件服務(wù)。
電子郵件發(fā)展歷史年表
Email timeline
The telegraph, morse code and the international telex network all performed some of the same functions as email, but the first email as we know it can be traced back to the 70s
Sarah Left
Wednesday March 13, 2002
1971: Ray Tomlinson, a computer engineer working for Bolt Beranek and Newman in Cambridge, Massachusetts, developed a system for sending messages between computers that used the @ symbol to identify addresses. He now can’t remember the first message he sent, or the exact date he sent it.
Tomlinson’s system gained popularity by linking up users on Arpanet, the US department of defence system that became the basis for the internet.
1972: Larry Roberts - also at work on Arpanet - writes the first email management program that develops the ability to list, select, forward, and respond to messages.
1976: Queen Elizabeth II sends an email message on Arpanet, becoming the first head of state to do so.
1988: Steve Dorner invents Eudora, an application that gave a popular face to email by providing a graphical user interface for email management.
1989: The first release of Lotus Notes email software. 35,000 copies are sold in the first year.
1996: Microsoft releases Internet Mail and News 1.0, a feature of its third release of Internet Explorer. This is later renamed Outlook.
1996: A few companies - including the fledgling Hotmail - begin to offer free, use-anywhere, internet email.
1997: About 10 million users world wide have free web mail accounts.
1998: Microsoft buys Hotmail for $400m (£283m).
2001: Email celebrates its 30th anniversary with virtually every business in the developed world signed on.
其他相關(guān)資料:
A Brief History of @
The Standard recounts the history of the @ symbol and explains how it became the addressing symbol in email addresses.
www.thestandard.com/article/0,1902,24139,00.html
A Brief History of Email
Very broad, very brief history of email.
www.ucmb.ulb.ac.be/documents/email_FAQ/email.history.html
A Brief History of SPAM, and Spam (Wired)
Wired magazine article looking at how unsolicited email became known as spam.
www.wired.com/news/business/0,1367,44111,00.html
Are You Sure You Want to Send This Message?
Fortune magazine article about "Great (and not-so-great) moments in e-mail history."
www.fortune.com/fortune/technology/articles/0,15114,418889,00.html
Email Has Come A Long Way
Comprehensive article from CNET, celebrating and looking back at 30 years of email.
news.com.com/2100-1023-274170.html?legacy=cnet
Email History
Thesis, published in 1996, that examines the evolution of ARPAnet email. Also includes a very good timeline.
www.ifla.org/documents/internet/hari1.txt
Email timeline
UK newspaper, The Guardian, presents a basic chronology of the development of email.
www.guardian.co.uk/internetnews/story/0,7369,666750,00.html
Free Email R.I.P.: The Free Email Death-Watch
Timeline details how free email providers are becoming fee-based or disappearing altogether.
www.emailaddresses.com/email_rip.htm
History of Eudora
Short account of the early days of development of the email client, as told by its original creator.
www.dnai.com/~meh/interviews/gopher/english/1a-Steve-Dorner.html
Impacts of Email
General article about email includes an interesting and informative section entitled "Great moments in email history."
www.cet.nau.edu/vte692/module_6/impacts_of_email.html
Origin of the term "spam" to mean net abuse
Brad Templeton explains the etymology of the term SPAM, and also offer a brief history of its usage.
www.templetons.com/brad/spamterm.html
Pine Project History
Read about the development of the Pine "mail system", originally adapted from Elm as an easy-to-use email client.
www.washington.edu/pine/overview/project-history.html
Reaction to the DEC Spam of 1978
Brad Templeton collects the first spam message ever sent, along with the many reactions to it.
www.templetons.com/brad/spamreact.html
Talking Headers
Extract from the book Where Wizards Stay up Late, as published in the Washinton Post magazine, recounts the history of email.
www.olografix.org/gubi/estate/libri/wizards/email.html
The First Email Message
Article about the invention of email, including the story of the first email ever sent, with quotes from the man who sent it, Ray Tomlinson.
www.pretext.com/mar98/features/story2.htm
The History of LISTSERV
Comprehensive document looking back at the development and growth of this automatic mailing list server software, first used in 1985 on BITNET.
www.lsoft.com/products/default.asp?item=listserv-history
The History of ihnp4 and The Growth of the Email Network
The name of this site pretty much says it all. Timelines illustrating the development of ihnp4 and email.
www.research.att.com/%7Egjm/nostalgia/ihnp4.htm